Laser Optics, Atomic Force Microscopy Track Biomolecules

New technique reduces contamination and damage hazards while speeding up search

Published: Monday, November 15, 2010 - 06:00

(NIST: Gaithersburg, MD) -- Researchers are characterizing a new technique as a neat solution to the “needle in a haystack” problem of nanoscale microscopy, but it’s more like using a flashlight to find a coffee table in the dark instead of walking around until you fall over it. In a recently published paper in Optics Express (Vol. 18, No. 23. Nov. 8, 2010) titled “Label-Free Optical Imaging of Membrane Patches for Atomic Force Microscopy,” authors A. B. Churnside, G. M. King, and T. T. Perkins describe how they found tiny assemblies of biomolecules for subsequent detailed imaging by combining precision laser optics with atomic force microscopy. The scientists are associated with JILA, a joint venture of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado.

The atomic force microscope (AFM) has become one of the standard tools of nanotechnology. The concept is deceptively simple. A needle—not unlike an old-fashioned phonograph stylus, but much smaller with a tip at most only a couple of atoms wide—moves across the surface of the specimen. A laser measures tiny deflections of the tip as it is pushed or pulled by atomic-scale forces, such as electrostatic forces or chemical attraction. Scanning the tip back and forth across the sample yields a 3-D image of the surface. The resolution can be astonishing—in some cases showing individual atoms, a resolution a thousand times smaller than the best optical microscopes can achieve.

Such amazing sensitivity incurs a technical problem: If your probe can image an object of, say, 100 sq. µm, how exactly do you find that object if it could be nearly anywhere on a microscope stage a million times that size? That’s not an unusual case in biological applications. The brute-force answer is, you scan the probe back and forth, probably at a higher speed, until it runs into something interesting. Like the coffee table in the dark, this has problems. The AFM tip is not only delicate and easy to damage, but it can also be degraded by picking up unwanted atoms or molecules from the surface. Also, in biosciences, where the AFM is becoming increasingly important, research specimens usually are “soft” things like proteins or membranes that can be damaged by an uncontrolled collision with the tip.

“Laser targeting” for nanoscale microscopy: On left, typical 900 sq. µm view, using focused laser beam, shows potentially interesting purple membrane patch, which is marked with the square. Right top, closer optical image of patch; bottom, same target imaged with AFM revealing topological detail. Credit: Churnside, CU

One solution has been to “label” the target molecule with a small fluorescent compound or quantum dot, so that it lights up and is easy to find, but that means chemically altering the subject, which may not be desirable.

Instead, the JILA team opted to use a flashlight. Building upon an earlier innovation for stabilizing the position of an AFM tip, the group used a tightly focused, low-power laser beam to optically scan the area, identifying target locations by minute changes in the scattered light. This laser is scanned across the sample to form an image, analogous to forming an AFM image.

The same laser—and detection technique—is used to locate the AFM tip. Hence, the laser serves as a common frame of reference, and it’s relatively straightforward to align the optical and the AFM image. In experiments with patches of cell membrane from single-cell organisms, the group has demonstrated that they can locate these protein complexes and align the AFM tip with a precision of about 40 nanometers. Relying solely on scattered light, their technique requires no prior chemical labeling or modification of the target molecules.

“You solve a couple of problems,” says NIST physicist Thomas Perkins. “You solve the problem of finding the object you want to study, which is sort of a needle-in-a-haystack problem. You solve the problem of not contaminating your tip. And, you solve the problem of not crashing your tip into what you were looking for. This prevents damaging your tip and, for soft biological targets, not damaging your sample.” And, he says, it's much more efficient. “From a practical perspective, instead of my grad student starting to do real science at 4 p.m., she can start doing science at 10 a.m.”

About The Author

NIST

Founded in 1901, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is a nonregulatory federal agency within the U.S. Department of Commerce. Headquartered in Gaithersburg, Maryland, NIST’s mission is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve our quality of life.