How to Use Multi-Jet Fusion for Functional 3D-Printed Parts

MJF is suitable for complex, low-volume quantities of parts

Published: Tuesday, May 1, 2018 - 12:02

Technology giant HP has developed and launched multi-jet fusion (MJF), an industrial-grade 3D printing technology that quickly and accurately produces functional prototypes and end-use parts for a variety of applications. Protolabs served as one of several test sites for this additive manufacturing process because of its experience in industrial 3D printing, and recently added HP Jet Fusion 3D 4200 printers to its suite of manufacturing tools. Here are several considerations to keep in mind when designing for MJF.

SLS similarities

If you’re familiar with selective laser sintering (SLS) design principles, you’re already close to being an MJF master. Both are powder-bed 3D printing technologies, using a heated chamber, the entirety of which can be used for making parts—there’s no need for supports as there is with other 3D printing processes. Where SLS uses a laser to fuse individual powder layers, MJF uses an infrared heating element together with proprietary fusing and detailing agents.

Regardless of the actual manufacturing process, MJF produces fine features and more consistent isotropic material properties, and is suitable for complex, low-volume quantities of parts like brackets and clips, mechanical assemblies, component housings, and durable but accurate jigs and fixtures.

How MJF is different

Resolution
MJF prints in layers 0.003 in. (80 microns) thick, and boasts a minimum feature size of 0.020 in. (0.5 mm). This is finer than the 0.030 in. (0.75 mm) produced with SLS, but MJF-produced part details are a bit more variable at this size range, with expected tolerances of +/– 0.004 (0.10 mm) over the first inch vs. +/– 0.001 (0.025 mm) for SLS. Be aware that these tolerances will vary depending on part size and geometry, so pay particular attention on designs that require tight clearance such as housings or multiple mating parts in an assembly.

Part size
At 11.1 in. x 14.9 in. x 14.9 in. (284 mm x 380 mm x 380 mm), MJF’s maximum build envelope is a bit smaller than the 19 in. x 19 in. x 17 in. size available with SLS. This means the maximum dimensions of any individual MJF-generated part cannot exceed 13.5 in. x 10.4 in. x 13.7 in. (343 mm x 264 mm x 348 mm), although this is plenty big for many 3D-printed parts.

From left to right, the 3D printing elements of multi-jet fusion (MJF) include: 1) nylon layer; 2) powder bed; 3) material recoating unit; 4) print carriage; 5) inkjet array; 6) fusing and detailing agents; 7) thermal energy; and 8) part.

Materials
Because MJF currently prints only with unfilled Nylon 12 (PA12) material, SLS has a slight edge in terms of available materials and colors (for now). However, Nylon 12 provides a breadth of mechanical or thermal properties that are often required of functional parts and in end-use applications. If cosmetics are important, we suggest dying the natural salt-and-pepper gray of MJF parts black (which Protolabs does in-house), and also recommend a light bead blast for parts made with either MJF or SLS.

Stronger parts, faster process

It’s also important to consider areas in which MJF excels. For starters, MJF builds strong parts, with tensile strength at the upper end (maximum load: X, Y, and Z 48 MPa/6,960 psi with ASTM D638 method) of what’s possible with SLS. More important, MJF produces more consistent mechanical properties in each direction of the part geometry—far more so than other powder-based printers—a factor that’s especially desirable with multi-faceted, complex designs where strength and reliability are required everywhere throughout the part. So even though MJF is slightly less accurate than SLS on small part features, those features will be more robust.

MJF is also much faster than competing processes. Rather than tracing each individual detail in a build layer, MJF scans the entire surface on each pass at a consistent rate, regardless of how many parts are in that layer (similar to how a laser printer prints each page in a document). Depending on what’s being 3D printed, this provides build speeds several times that of competing technologies, even with larger quantities. To understand what effect this might have on your project, simply upload the CAD file and compare the quoted lead time and price to Protolabs’ other 3D printing or machining services.

Multi-jet fusion selectively applies fusing and detailing agents across a bed of nylon powder, which are fused in thousands of layers by heating elements into solid functional components.

Design elements to consider

Many of the design principles applied to SLS and even injection-molded parts are just as relevant to MJF.

Thin-walled or large, flat surfaces should be reinforced with ribs or gussets, and holes surrounded with raised bosses wherever possible.

Raised text and cosmetic part features smaller than 0.020 in. (0.5 mm) might not survive secondary post-processing. Check the design for manufacturability analysis that accompanies your part quote for details.

Wall thicknesses from 0.1 to 0.5 in. (2.5 to 12.7 mm) are ideal. Get much above or below this, and part tolerances may be affected.

MJF does a great job with assemblies, living hinges, snap fits, and pin hinges.

As with any 3D printing process, MJF produces some stair-stepping on oblique angles. Cosmetic surfaces should be clearly identified on the part drawing or digitally in the product manufacturing information (PMI).

Protolabs can install heat-stake threaded inserts and metal bushings in MJF parts. And in addition to dying parts black, application of primer paint is also offered.

Multi-jet fusion parts are 3D-printed in a natural gray Nylon 12 material; however, parts can be easily dyed jet black (as pictured) for improved cosmetic appearance.

Sound familiar? As mentioned at the start of this article, MJF is similar in many ways to other additive manufacturing technologies, offering predictable part quality and possessing design rules that are well understood. What’s different is its unique ability to make accurate parts with isotropic mechanical properties, and in many cases do so more quickly than other 3D-printing methods. Together, these attributes have the potential to make MJF an additive game-changer. 

And although MJF is limited to PA12 nylon at this time, Protolabs and HP are investigating additional materials, including flame-retardant and glass-filled nylon, elastomers, and multiple colors in a single build. This may be a good time to consider what role MJF can play in your current and future part development projects. 

As always, feel free to contact one of our applications engineers with any questions at (877) 479–3680 or customerservice@protolabs.com.

About The Author

Protolabs

Protolabs is the world’s fastest manufacturer of custom prototypes and on-demand production parts with manufacturing facilities in five countries.